{"id":6247613,"date":"2022-01-14T04:02:07","date_gmt":"2022-01-14T04:02:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yp.vn\/?p=6247613"},"modified":"2022-01-14T11:02:09","modified_gmt":"2022-01-14T04:02:09","slug":"lich-su-cua-nganh-khuon-ep-nhua","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yp.com.vn\/lich-su-cua-nganh-khuon-ep-nhua\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh khu\u00f4n \u00e9p nh\u1ef1a"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec7n \u00edch nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u00f4 t\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu<\/a> \u00e9p nh\u1ef1a. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u00e9p nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t khu\u00f4n \u00e9p nh\u1ef1a <\/em><\/strong><\/a>cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p nh\u1ef1a ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. Nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, mang l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n cao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00e9p nh\u1ef1a ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fac nh\u1ef1a ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1872 khi m\u00e1y \u0111\u00fac nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf. Isaiah v\u00e0 John Hyatt l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fac n\u00fat nh\u1ef1a, l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1ef1a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u00e1y \u0111\u00fac nh\u1ef1a l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Sau n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3m ch\u00e1y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng h\u00f2a tan c\u1ee7a cellulose acetate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930, m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, th\u00ec ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ef1a l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, polyvinyl clorua, polystyrene v\u00e0 polyolefin, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nh\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec7t d\u1ebbo n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n 2 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o t\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh \u00e9p nh\u1ef1a?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong khi chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 2 g\u00e2y ra t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea5u cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. V\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y, nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u0169 kh\u00ed, m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1ef1a ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn cho kh\u00f4ng \u00edt ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p lao \u0111ao. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 cao su, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u thay th\u1ebf gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1ef1a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu<\/a><\/em><\/strong> nh\u1ef1a v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 sau khi tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II. L\u1ee3i th\u1ebf l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1ef1a l\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t r\u1ebb, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng s\u1ea3n xu\u00e2t quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fac \u00e9p nh\u1ef1a sau \u0111\u00f3?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

James Watson Hendry, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y \u00e9p \u0111\u00f9n tr\u1ee5c v\u00edt. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y n\u00e0y, James \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fac \u00e9p nh\u1ef1a h\u01a1n, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u1ef1a c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u00e1t minh ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng m\u1edbi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00e9p nh\u1ef1a. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a kh\u00ed v\u00e0o quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, gi\u00fap \u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u1ef1a r\u1ed7ng, d\u00e0i v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e9p v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ef1a nh\u1eb9 nh\u01b0ng b\u1ec1n v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, mang l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u00eam v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra c\u00e1c khu\u00e2n nh\u1ef1a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n. Ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ef1a s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec7n \u00edch nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u00f4 t\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu \u00e9p nh\u1ef1a. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n… Xem b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":175,"featured_media":6247614,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ep_exclude_from_search":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2568,2467],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6247613","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-khuon-mau","category-tin-tuc"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yp.com.vn\/KmOMlj66m\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6247613","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yp.com.vn\/KmOMlj66m\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yp.com.vn\/KmOMlj66m\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yp.com.vn\/KmOMlj66m\/wp\/v2\/users\/175"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yp.com.vn\/KmOMlj66m\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6247613"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/yp.com.vn\/KmOMlj66m\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6247613\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yp.com.vn\/KmOMlj66m\/wp\/v2\/media\/6247614"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yp.com.vn\/KmOMlj66m\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6247613"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yp.com.vn\/KmOMlj66m\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6247613"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yp.com.vn\/KmOMlj66m\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6247613"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}